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Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association – 7th Edition

Page 262 Review

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Mixed Methods Research: Presenting and Evaluating Findings

Mixed methods research, combining both qualitative and quantitative approaches, requires a specific approach to presenting and evaluating findings. This ensures the integration and coherent interpretation of diverse data types.

Understanding the JARS Standards for Mixed Methods

The foundation for reporting mixed methods findings lies in adherence to established standards. As the text notes: “See the JARS–Quant and JARS–Qual Standards (Tables 3.1–3.2).” These standards provide a framework for structuring and detailing both the quantitative and qualitative components of the research. Following these guidelines promotes transparency and allows for rigorous evaluation of the study’s methodology and results.

Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Results

A core aspect of mixed methods research is the integration of different data types. The excerpt emphasizes the importance of explicitly stating how this integration was achieved: “Indicate how the qualitative and quantitative results were “mixed” or integrated (e.g., discussion; tables of joint displays; graphs; data transformation in which one form of data is transformed to the other, such as qualitative text, codes, or themes transformed into quantitative counts or variables).” This description is vital for understanding the overall research design and the logic behind combining the different data streams.

Methods of Integration: Examples

The text provides several examples of how integration can be implemented:

* **Discussion:** This refers to weaving together the qualitative and quantitative findings within the narrative of the results section or in the discussion section. The discussion should highlight how the different types of data complement, contradict, or expand upon each other.
* **Tables of Joint Displays:** These tables present both qualitative and quantitative data side-by-side, allowing for direct comparison and identification of patterns or relationships.
* **Graphs:** Visual representations that combine qualitative and quantitative data can be particularly effective in illustrating the connections between different aspects of the research.
* **Data Transformation:** This involves converting one type of data into another to facilitate analysis. For example, qualitative themes derived from interviews might be quantified to determine their frequency or prevalence. This allows for a more quantitative comparison and analysis of qualitative data.

Structure of the Findings Section

The structure of the findings section in mixed methods research should reflect the study design. “In mixed methods research, the Findings section typically includes sections on qualitative findings, quantitative results, and mixed methods results.” This tripartite structure ensures that each component of the research is adequately addressed before considering their integration.

Sequence of Presentation

The order in which the qualitative and quantitative findings are presented is also significant. The excerpt clarifies: “This section should mirror the type of mixed methods design in terms of sequence (i.e., whether quantitative strand or qualitative strand comes first; if both are gathered at the same time, either qualitative findings or quantitative results could be presented first).” The sequence should be logical and aligned with the research questions and the overall design of the study. For example, in an exploratory sequential design, the qualitative findings would typically be presented first, followed by the quantitative results that build upon those findings.

Guidance for Reviewers: Joint Displays

Reviewers play a critical role in evaluating the effectiveness of mixed methods research. The text specifically mentions the importance of joint displays: “In mixed methods Results sections (or in the Discussion section to follow), authors are conveying their mixed methods analysis through “joint display” tables or graphs that array qualitative results.” Joint displays are essential for demonstrating how the different data types were integrated and interpreted. Reviewers should carefully assess the clarity, coherence, and persuasiveness of these displays.

Key Considerations for Authors

When writing the findings section of a mixed methods study, authors should:

* **Clearly articulate the rationale for using a mixed methods approach.** Why was it necessary to combine qualitative and quantitative methods to answer the research questions?
* **Provide detailed descriptions of both the qualitative and quantitative methods.** This includes sample characteristics, data collection procedures, and data analysis techniques.
* **Explicitly state how the qualitative and quantitative data were integrated.** Use one or more of the integration methods described above (e.g., discussion, joint displays, data transformation).
* **Present the findings in a clear and organized manner.** Follow a logical sequence that reflects the study design.
* **Interpret the findings in light of both the qualitative and quantitative evidence.** Avoid giving undue weight to one type of data over the other.

By adhering to these guidelines, authors can effectively communicate the results of their mixed methods research and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. The clear presentation and integration of both qualitative and quantitative findings are crucial for the validity and impact of the research.
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