Inclusive Language in Medical Writing: A Guide to Respectful Terminology

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association – 7th Edition – 9781433832178 – Page 344 Review

“In medical writing, precision and sensitivity in language are paramount, particularly when addressing race and ethnicity. The guidelines outlined in medical ebooks increasingly emphasize avoiding generalizations and stereotypes that can perpetuate harmful biases. One crucial aspect is the avoidance of phrases that suggest a monolithic view of racial groups. As the excerpt states, **’Language that essentializes or reifies race is strongly discouraged and is generally considered inappropriate. For example, phrases such as “the Black race” and “the White race” are essentialist in nature, portray human groups monolithically, and often perpetuate stereotypes.’** This highlights the importance of recognizing the vast diversity within racial categories. Using such phrases can reinforce harmful stereotypes and fail to acknowledge the individual experiences and backgrounds of people within those groups. Instead, it’s crucial to utilize language that acknowledges the multifaceted nature of identity.

A common pitfall to avoid is contrasting ‘White Americans’ with a generalized term for all other racial groups. As the excerpt points out, one should not **’use the phrase “White Americans and racial minorities”; the rich diversity within racial minorities is minimized when it is compared with the term “White Americans.”’** This type of comparison can inadvertently suggest that ‘White Americans’ are a homogenous group, while simultaneously overlooking the distinct cultures, histories, and experiences of various racial and ethnic communities. This can lead to misunderstandings and potentially affect the quality of care provided to patients.

The term ‘minority’ itself warrants careful consideration. The excerpt explains that **’To refer to non-White racial and ethnic groups collectively, use terms such as “people of color” or “underrepresented groups” rather than “minorities.” The use of “minority” may be viewed pejoratively because it is usually equated with being less than, oppressed, or deficient in comparison with the majority (i.e., White people).’** The use of “minority” can carry negative connotations, implying a sense of inferiority or marginalization. Alternative terms like ‘people of color’ or ‘underrepresented groups’ offer a more respectful and inclusive way to refer to these communities collectively. However, even these terms should be used judiciously, with careful consideration given to the specific context and the preferences of the individuals and communities being discussed.

Furthermore, the excerpt clarifies the technical definition of ‘minority group,’ stating that **’a minority group is a population subgroup with ethnic, racial, social, religious, or other characteristics different from those of the majority of the population, though the relevance of this term is changing as the demographics of the population change.’** This definition underscores the sociological nature of the term, highlighting that it is based on power dynamics and social differences rather than inherent inferiority. It also acknowledges that the relevance of the term shifts as populations become more diverse.

When it is necessary to distinguish between dominant and non-dominant racial groups, the excerpt advises using modifiers. It suggests, **’If a distinction is needed between the dominant racial group and nondominant racial groups, use a modifier (e.g., “ethnic,” “racial”) when using the word “minority” (e.g., ethnic minority, racial minority, racial-ethnic minority).’** This ensures that the term “minority” is used with greater precision, avoiding generalizations and acknowledging the specific context in which it is being used.

Ultimately, the best practice is to use the specific name of the group whenever possible. The excerpt implies that whenever possible one should use the specific name, for example, **’European Americans’ for the former example and ‘Asian Americans and African Americans’ for the latter example’**. By referring to specific groups, writers can avoid harmful generalizations and demonstrate respect for the diverse identities and experiences of individuals and communities. This approach not only promotes inclusivity but also enhances the accuracy and clarity of medical communication. Using precise language contributes to a more equitable and respectful healthcare environment, fostering trust and understanding between healthcare providers and patients.

In conclusion, these guidelines are not merely about political correctness; they are about ensuring that medical writing is accurate, respectful, and promotes health equity. By avoiding essentialist language, reconsidering the use of terms like ‘minority,’ and opting for specific group names whenever possible, medical professionals can communicate in a way that recognizes and values the diversity of their patients. This, in turn, contributes to a more inclusive and equitable healthcare system for all.”

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